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SOURCE: Acha E. Facts and HVDC. Advances in technology, modelling,...regulatory...2025
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COVER
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MEDIAINFO
Textbook in PDF format Electronic semiconductor valves, converters and control methods continue to evolve and transform the fabric of electrical power systems, enabling a more reliable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly global power supply industry. Such developments started to become established from the turn of the millennium, but their widespread uptake is now set on an irreversible and accelerated upward trend. Early developments have been penned by leading academics, such as J arrillaga, Ng hingorani, L gyugyi and Tje miller, in books which have become classics. However, the inexorable march of power electronics permeating all sectors of the electric power industry, namely, generation, transmission and distribution, has continued, and it may now be a good time to sum up the surge of developments that have taken place over the last two decades in power electronics applications in electrical power systems, and to consider what the face of the future electrical power system would look like. Vast hydropower resources are being transported in electrical form, at Gw levels, using Hvdc transmission, over distances spanning thousands of kilometres in China and Brazil to meet the energy needs of large industrial complexes and conurbation areas lacking clean, primary energy resources in their neighbourhoods, to continue fuelling their economic prosperity and clean way of life of their dwellers. In a different corner of the world, the North Sea has been housing one of the most magnificent accelerations of sustained development and innovation that the electrical power industry has ever witnessed, namely, the deployment of a large number of offshore wind farms made up of variable speed wind turbines rated at 10 Mw and higher, producing electricity from a clean, free, renewable primary energy resource and feeding it to hundreds of millions of European homes. Leading-edge power electronics-based submarine transmission systems are the enabler technologies that links those awesome offshore wind farms to the household, industrial and commercial loads located hundreds of kilometres from where electricity is produced. To put these developments into context, the 443 Mw viking wind farm, comprising 103 turbines on the Shetland Islands north of Scotland, meets the annual power needs of 26 million homes and cut carbon emissions by more than 35 million tonnes a year. The Viking wind farm is starting operations at the time of writing this (28 August 2024), bringing the total wind power operational capacity of the Uk to just above the historic mark of 30 Gw. The 260 km submarine Hvdc cable linking the Viking windfarm and a super Dc node in the northern tip of the Scottish mainland, in Caithness/Spittal, has given rise to what is the first multiterminal Vsc-hvdc system in Europe. In its present form, it is a three-terminal, xiv Facts and Hvdc y-connected Dc link, with a potential capability for connecting two future Dc branches to receive offshore wind power coming from the North Sea and hydropower from Norway. These are mammoth achievement, moving in the right direction, but much more is urgently required to attain the net-zero-carbon emission by 2050 that international bodies have set to be our Rubicon if we are to put the brakes on irreversible damage caused to our delicately balanced climate system by Co2 emissions. To achieve this, the Iea estimates that every year, 630 Gw of solar Pv and 390 Gw of wind power would need to be installed, starting as soon as possible but certainly no later than 2030. That is four times as much as our current annual rate. What is called for is an even more radical change in the use of technology that we already have, which needs perfecting and making less expensive. To tackle the variability of renewable energy resources, suitable energy storage systems would need to be embedded into the structure of wind and solar Pv power generators, just as power electronics converters are now an integral part of these systems. Furthermore, the power electronics converters should be fitted with the so-called grid-forming control capabilities. This would enable the existence of power grids dominated by inverter-based generation and energy storage, where the ‘fuel’ is clean, renewable and free, and current operational teething issues, such as intermittence and loss of grid inertia, are a thing of the recent past. Nonetheless, new issues may arise such as the appearance of inter-harmonics and supra-harmonics. For example, protection practices may need adjusting given decreasing fault current levels in power systems with a higher share of renewable generation connected to the bulk power system through power electronics converters. These new operational problems will need to be addressed, and their solution reflected in updates to the latest grid codes. Inverter-dominated power grids already exist, and their resilience has successfully been put through its paces under different operating scenarios. This is well exemplified by the South Australian power grid, having such high levels of solar Pv power generation that at solar irradiation peaks, solar power generation regularly meets most of the power demand. This game changer is being achieved with Li-ion batteries supplied by Tesla and connected to the grid through Gfm inverters. The current largest battery system in Australia is a 500 Mw/1,000 Mwh with Gfm inverters at Liddell, New South Wales, installed at the site of a decommissioned coal plant. Several other large Gfm systems are undergoing construction in Australia. The peak demand of South Wales is around 3 Gw, and to scale up similar developments to larger power grids, such as the Texan power grid with a peak demand of 85 Gw, will require more advanced and diverse technologies than what we already have. For instance, Li-ion batteries may become a bottleneck and nanoparticle-fluid batteries, with their higher energy densities, small footprint, low heat dissipation and no fire-catching issues, low maintenance and low cost seem the ideal energy storage media for grid power applications and a suitable partner for Gfm systems. Perhaps such striking attributes would find immediate use in offshore wind farms in the rough North Sea waters. CompaniesPreface xv like Influit Energy, an Illinois-based firm, may be ready to launch this product in 2025. Technology like this will strengthen the emissions-free expansion of the Uk power grid, with wind forming the backbone of its future energy system. The current wind power contribution to the energy mix stands at more than 1/3, with new offshore wind farms under construction. The Uk government’s target is to reach 40 Gw offshore wind capacity by 2030 and, together with the installed onshore capacity, to attain an overall figure of 50 Gw. This could go even higher as the development of floating wind turbines consolidates further, potentially achieving the decarbonisation of its electricity supply sector. This would come along with the formation of a meshed Dc power grid in the North Sea, as the dozens of point-to-point Vsc-hvdc links already built, start to be joined together, as exemplified by the Shetland-Caithness-Moray Hvdc link in northern Scotland. We perceive that electricity generation that is completely carbon-free in its operation is around the corner, but much more R&D work is needed, including developing new materials, devices, equipment, control methods, computer algorithms and scaling up the all-important but early developments that we have reached heretofore. This book aims to contribute to this global endeavour by focusing on how the power grid could be made more flexible and controllable to enable an even larger penetration of converter-interfaced power generation resources and storage systems
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